|  | | Related Knowledge Base Chapters | | |
| Journal Articles | |  | Risk factors for early and late transmission of HIV via breast-feeding among infants born to HIV-infected women in a randomized clinical trial in Botswana
Shapiro RL, Smeaton L, Lockman S, et al. J Infect Dis. 2009;199:1-5. Includes commentary from the UCSF Institute for Global Health. | | | | Interventions for preventing late postnatal mother-to-child transmission of HIV
Horvath T, Madi BC, Iuppa IM, Kennedy GE, Rutherford G, Read JS. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2009, Issue 1. Art. No.: CD006734. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006734.pub2. Includes commentary from the UCSF Institute for Global Health. | | | | Antiretroviral therapy in pregnant women with advanced HIV
disease and pregnancy outcomes in Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire
Ekouevi D, Coffie P, Benaud B, et al. AIDS. 2008;22:1815-20. Includes
commentary from the UCSF Institute for Global Health. | | | | Infant feeding, HIV transmission and mortality at 18 months: the need for appropriate choices by mothers and prioritization within programmes
Rollins NC, Becquet R, Bland RM, Coutsoudis A, Coovadia HM, Newell ML. AIDS. 2008;22:2349-2357. Includes commentary from the UCSF Institute for Global Health. | | | | Prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 through
breast-feeding by treating infants prophylactically with lamivudine
in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: the Mitra Study
Kilewo C, Karlsson K, Massawe A, et al. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2008
Jul 1;48(3):237-40. Includes commentary from the UCSF Institute for
Global Health. | | | | Maternal herpes simplex virus type 2 coinfection increases the
risk of perinatal HIV transmission: possibility to further decrease
transmission?
Bollen LJM, Whitehead SJ, Mock PA, et al. AIDS. 2008;22:1169-76.
Includes commentary from the UCSF Institute for Global
Health. | | | | Reduced mortality associated with breast-feeding-acquired HIV
infection and breast-feeding among HIV-infected children in Zambia
Fox MP, Brooks D, Kuhn L, Aldrovandi G, Sinkala M, Kankasa C, et al.
Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2008;48:90-6. Includes commentary from the
UCSF Institute for Global Health. | | | | Intervention to promote exclusive breast-feeding for the first 6
months of life in a high HIV prevalence area
Bland RM, Little KE, Coovadia HM, Coutsoudis A, Rollins NC, Newell M-L.
AIDS 2008;22:883-91. Includes commentary from the UCSF Institute for
Global Health. | | | | Association of HIV and malaria with mother-to-child transmission,
birth outcomes, and child mortality
Brahmbhatt H, Sullivan D, Kigozi G, Askin F, Wabwire-Mangenm F, Serwadda
D, et al. J Acqu Immune Defic Syn. 2008 Apr 1;47(4):472-6. Includes
commentary from the UCSF Institute for Global Health. | | | | Rapid HIV testing and prevention of perinatal HIV transmission in
high-risk maternity hospitals in St. Petersburg, Russia
Kissin DM, Akatova N, Rakhmanova AG, Vinogradova EN, Voronin EE, Jamieson
DJ, et al. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2008 Feb;198(2):183.e1-7. Includes
commentary from the UCSF Institute for Global Health. | | | | Prevention of mother-to-child transmission: program changes and
the effect on uptake of the HIVNET 012 regimen in Malawi
Moses A, Zimba C, Kamanga E, Nkhoma J, Maida A, Martinson F, et al. AIDS
2008 Jan 2;22(1):83-7. Includes commentary from the UCSF Institute for
Global Health. | | | | High uptake of exclusive breastfeeding and reduced early
post-natal HIV transmission
Kuhn L, Sinkala M, Kankasa C, Semrau K, Kasonde P, Scott N, et al. PLoS
ONE. 2007 Dec 6;2(12):e1363. Includes commentary from the UCSF Institute
for Global Health. | | | | Routine offer of antenatal HIV testing ("opt-out"
approach) to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV in urban
Zimbabwe
Chandisarewa W, Stranix-Chibanda L, Chirapa E, Miller A, Simoyi M, Mahomva
A, et al. Bull World Health Organ 2007 Nov;85(11):843-50. Includes
commentary from the UCSF Institute for Global Health. | | | | Antiretroviral treatment and prevention of peripartum and
postnatal HIV transmission in West Africa: evaluation of a
two-tiered approach
Tonwe-Gold B, Ekouevi DK, Viho I, Amani-Bosse C, Toure S, Coffie PA, et
al. PLoS Med 2007 Aug 21;4(8):e257. Includes commentary from the UCSF
Institute for Global Health. | | | | Treatment acceleration program and the experience of the DREAM
program in prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV
Palombi L, Marazzi MC, Voetberg A, Magid NA. AIDS 2007 Jul;21 Suppl
4:S65-71. Includes commentary from the UCSF Institute for Global
Health. | | | | Achievements, Issues, and Challenges: Prevention of
Mother-to-Child HIV Transmission in the United States and in
Resource-Limited Settings
American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2007 Sep;197 (3 Suppl S):
S1-S141 | | | | Estimating the number of vertically HIV-infected children
eligible for antiretroviral treatment in resource-limited settings
Little K, Newell ML, Luo C, Ngongo N, Borja MC, McDermott P. Int J
Epidemiol 2007 Jun;36(3):679-87. Includes commentary from the UCSF
Institute for Global Health. | | | | Infant feeding in the time of HIV: Assessment of infant feeding
policy and programs in four African countries scaling up prevention
of mother to child transmission programs
Chopra M, Rollins N. Arch Dis Child 2007 Aug 8;Epub ahead of print.
Includes commentary from the UCSF Institute for Global Health. | | | | Maternal HIV infection and placental malaria reduce
transplacental antibody transfer and tetanus antibody levels in
newborns in Kenya
Cumberland P, Shulman CE, Maple PA, Bulmer JN, Dorman EK, Kawuondo K, et
al. J Infect Dis 2007 Aug 15;196(4):550-7. Includes commentary from the
UCSF Institute for Global Health. | | | | Flash-Heat Inactivation of HIV-1 in Human Milk: A Potential
Method to Reduce Postnatal Transmission in Developing Countries
Israel-Ballard K, Donovan R, Chantry C, Coutsoudis A, Sheppard H, Sibeko
L, et al. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2007 Jul 1;45(3):318-323. Includes
commentary from the UCSF Institute for Global Health. | | | | Transmission rates in consecutive pregnancies exposed to
single-dose nevirapine in Soweto, South Africa and Abidjan, Cote
d'Ivoire
Martinson NA, Ekouevi DK, Dabis F, Morris L, Lupodwana P, Tonwe-Gold B, et
al. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2007 Jun 1;45(2):206-9. Includes
commentary from the UCSF Institute for Global Health. | | | | Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV-1 Infection during Exclusive
Breastfeeding in the First 6 Months of Life: An Intervention Cohort
Study
Coovadia HM, Rollins NC, Bland RM, Little K, Coutsoudis A, Bennish ML,
Newell ML. Lancet. 2007 Mar 31;369(9567):1107-16. Includes commentary
from the UCSF Institute for Global Health. | | | | Response to Antiretroviral Therapy after a Single, Peripartum
Dose of Nevirapine
Lockman S, Shapiro R, Smeaton L, Wester C, Thior I, Stevens L, Chand F,
Makhema J, Moffat C, Asmelash A, Ndase P, Arimi P, van Widenfelt E, Mazhani
L, Novitsky V, Lagakos S, Essex M. N Engl J Med. 2007 Jan 11;356(2):135-47. | | | | Reproductive choice in men and women living with HIV: evidence
from a large representative sample of outpatients attending French
hospitals (ANRS-EN12-VESPA Study)
Heard I, Sitta R, Lert F, the VESPA Study Group. AIDS 2007 Jan;21 Suppl
1:S77-S82. | | | | Reduction in Preterm Delivery and Neonatal Mortality after the
Introduction of Antenatal Cotrimoxazole Prophylaxis among
HIV-Infected Women with Low CD4 Cell Counts
Walter J, Mwiya M, Scott N, Kasonde P, Sinkala M, Kankasa C, Kauchali S,
Aldrovandi GM, Thea DM, Kuhn L. J Infect Dis. 2006 Dec 1;194(11):1510-8. | | | | Natural Pregnancies in HIV-Serodiscordant Couples Receiving
Successful Antiretroviral Therapy
Barreiro P, del Romero J, Leal M, Hernando V, Asencio R, de Mendoza C,
Labarga P, Nunez M, Ramos JT, Gonzalez-Lahoz J, Soriano V; Spanish
HIV-Discordant Study Group. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2006 Nov
1;43(3):324-6. | | | | Breastfeeding Plus Infant Zidovudine Prophylaxis for 6 Months vs
Formula Feeding Plus Infant Zidovudine for 1 Month to Reduce
Mother-to-Child HIV Transmission in Botswana: A Randomized Trial:
The Mashi Study
Thior I, Lockman S, Smeaton LM, Shapiro RL, Wester C, Heymann SJ, Gilbert
PB, Stevens L, Peter T, Kim S, van Widenfelt E, Moffat C, Ndase P, Arimi P,
Kebaabetswe P, Mazonde P, Makhema J, McIntosh K, Novitsky V, Lee TH, Marlink
R, Lagakos S, Essex M; Mashi Study Team. JAMA. 2006 Aug 16;296(7):794-805.
Includes commentary from the UCSF Institute for Global Health. | | | | Cost-effectiveness of HIV rescreening during late pregnancy to
prevent mother-to-child HIV transmission in South Africa and other
resource-limited settings
Soorapanth S, Sansom S, Bulterys M, Besser M, Theron G, Fowler MG. J
Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2006 Jun;42(2):213-21. Includes commentary by
Arthur Ammann, MD. | | | | Integrating prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission into
routine antenatal care: the key to program expansion in Cameroon.
Welty TK, Bulterys M, Welty ER, Tih PM, Ndikintum G, Nkuoh G, Nkfusai J,
Kayita J, Nkengasong JN, Wilfert CM. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2005 Dec
1;40(4):486-93. | | | | Maternal-Fetal Microtransfusions and HIV-1 Mother-to-Child
Transmission in Malawi
Kwiek J, Mwapasa V, Milner D, Alker A, Miller W, Tadesse E, Molyneux M,
Rogerson S, Meshnick S. PLoS Med. 2005 Nov 22;3(1):e10. | | | | Effectiveness of a city-wide program to prevent mother-to-child
HIV transmission in Lusaka, Zambia.
Stringer JS, Sinkala M, Maclean CC, Levy J, Kankasa C, Degroot A, Stringer
EM, Acosta EP, Goldenberg RL, Vermund SH. AIDS. 2005 Aug 12;19(12):1309-15. | | | | Nevirapine plasma concentrations are still detectable after more
than 2 weeks in the majority of women receiving single-dose
nevirapine: implications for intervention studies.
Muro E, Droste JA, Hofstede HT, Bosch M, Dolmans W, Burger DM. J Acquir
Immune Defic Syndr. 2005 Aug 1;39(4):419-21. | | | | Maternal self-medication and provision of nevirapine to newborns
by women in Rakai, Uganda
Kagaayi J, Dreyfuss ML, Kigozi G, Chen MZ, Wabwire-Mangen F, Serwadda D,
Wawer MJ, Sewankambo NK, Nalugoda F, Kiwanuka N, Kiddugavu M, Gray RH. J
Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2005 May 1;39(1):121-4. Includes commentary by
Art Ammann, MD. | | | | Preventing HIV transmission to children: quality of counselling
of mothers in South Africa
Chopra M, Doherty T, Jackson D, Ashworth A. Acta Paediatr. 2005
Mar;94(3):357-63. | | | | Persistence of nevirapine exposure during the postpartum period
after intrapartum single-dose nevirapine in addition to zidovudine
prophylaxis for the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of
HIV-1
Cressey TR, Jourdain G, Lallemant MJ, Kunkeaw S, Jackson JB, Musoke P,
Capparelli E, Mirochnick M. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2005 Mar
1;38(3):283-8. Includes commentary by Arthur Ammann, MD. | | | | Evaluating programs to prevent mother-to-child HIV transmission
in two large Bangkok hospitals, 1999-2001
Teeraratkul A, Simonds R, Asavapiriyanont S, Chalermchokcharoenkit A,
Vanprapa N, Chotpitayasunondh T, Mock P, Skunodum N, Neeyapun K, Jetsawang
B, Culnane M, Tappero J. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2005 Feb
01;38(2):208-12. | | | | Risk factors for in utero and intrapartum transmission of HIV
Magder LS, Mofenson L, Paul ME, Zorrilla CD, Blattner WA, Tuomala RE,
LaRussa P, Landesman S, Rich KC. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2005 Jan
1;38(1):87-95. Includes commentary by Art Ammann, MD. | | | | Timing of breast milk HIV-1 transmission: a meta-analysis
John GC, Richardson BA, Nduati RW, Mbori-Ngacha D, Kreiss JK. East Afr
Med. J 2001 Feb;78(2):75-9. | | | | Natural conception in HIV-negative women with HIV-infected
partners
Mandelbrot L, Heard I, Henrion-Geant E, Henrion R. Lancet. 1997 Mar
22;349(9055):850-1. | |
| |
| Guidelines and Best Practices | | | Recommendations for Use of Antiretroviral Drugs in Pregnant HIV-1-Infected Women for Maternal Health and Interventions to Reduce Perinatal HIV-1 Transmission in the United States
Perinatal HIV Guidelines Working Group, Public Health Service, updated April 29, 2009. PDF and PDA versions available. Training slides on perinatal guidelines are also available. | | | | Guidance on Global Scale-Up of the Prevention of Mother-to-Child
Transmission of HIV
World Health Organization and UNICEF. 2007. | | | | HIV and Infant Feeding: New Evidence and Programmatic Experience
This document is the final report on a meeting of the Inter-Agency Task
Team on prevention of HIV infections in pregnant women, mothers and their
children, held in October 2006. World Health Organization, UNICEF, UNFPA,
and UNAIDS, 2007. [PDF, 673K] | | | | WHO HIV and Infant Feeding Technical Consultation: Consensus
Statement
World Health Organization. October 27, 2006. [PDF, 102K] | | | | Revised Recommendations for HIV Testing of Adults, Adolescents,
and Pregnant Women in Health-Care Settings
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, MMWR 2006;55(RR14);1-17. | | | | Antiretroviral Drugs for Treating Pregnant Women and
Preventing HIV Infection in Infants in Resource-Limited
Settings: Towards Universal Access, Recommendations for
a Public Health Approach
WHO, August 7, 2006. [PDF, 2.32MB] | | | | Management of HIV Infection in Pregnant Women
British HIV Association, 2007. | | | | Nutrition Counselling, Care and Support for HIV-Infected
Women: Guidelines on HIV-Related Care, Treatment and Support for
HIV-Infected Women and their Children in Resource-Constrained
Settings
WHO, September 21, 2004. [PDF, 3MB] | | | | Rapid HIV-1 Antibody Testing during Labor and Delivery for
Women of Unknown HIV Status: A Practical Guide and Model
Protocol
Margaret Lampe, Bernard Branson, Sindy Paul, Carolyn Burr, Elaine
Gross, Cynthia Eicher, Robert Maupin, Dawn Averitt, Brian Forsyth, Mary
Glenn Fowler. U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, January
30, 2004. | |
| |
| Policy Reports, Papers, and Briefs | | |
| Conference Reports and Proceedings | | |
| Presentations, Interviews, and Roundtable Discussions | | | CROI 2009: Selected PMTCT, Microbicide and Pediatric Presentations
Lynne M. Mofenson, February 23, 2009. [PowerPoint, 5.5MB] | | | | Update on the Science of Prevention of Mother to Child HIV Transmission
Lynne M. Mofenson, January 9, 2009. [PowerPoint, 4.7MB] | | | | Challenges in Pediatric and Adolescent Care
Lynne M. Mofenson, February 2008. [PowerPoint, 9.7MB] | | | | Infant Feeding In the Context of HIV Infection
International Center for AIDS Care and Treatment Programs (ICAP), Columbia
University. September 2007. [PowerPoint, 1.7MB] | | | | HIV Transmission through Breastfeeding
Lynne M. Mofenson, June 2006. [PowerPoint, 2MB] | |
| |
| Research Summaries | | | Use of Antiretrovirals to Prevent Transmission of HIV through Breast Milk
Grace John-Stewart, University of Washington, UCSF Center for HIV Information, June 2009. | | | | Vitamin A and the Risk of Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV
Sahai Burrowes, UCSF Center for HIV Information, November 2006. | | | | Overview of Perinatal Intervention Trials
Lynne M. Mofenson, June 2008. | | | | Prevention of Mother-To-Child Transmission (PMTCT) Briefing Notes
World Health Organization, October 1, 2007. [PDF, 192K] | | | | Antiretroviral Treatment, Breast-Feeding, and Mother-to-Child
Transmission of HIV
Sahai Burrowes, Arthur Ammann, UCSF Center for HIV Information, June 2006. | | | | Rates, Barriers, and Outcomes of HIV Serostatus Disclosure among
Women in Developing Countries: Implications for Prevention of
Mother-to-Child Transmission Programmes
Amy Medley, Claudia Garcia-Moreno, Scott McGill, Suzanne Maman, World
Health Organization, April 2004. [PDF, 356K] | | | | Review of HIVNET 012 (A Clinical Trial to Determine the Efficacy
of Oral AZT and the Efficacy of Oral Nevirapine for the Prevention
of Vertical Transmission of HIV-1 Infection in Pregnant Ugandan
Women and Their Neonates)
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National
Institutes of Health (NIH), March 22, 2002. | |
| |
| Online Books and Chapters | | |
| Newsletter Articles | | | HIV Treatment for Mothers and Children in Botswana: Lessons from
a Dynamic Programme
Theo Smart. HIV & AIDS Treatment in Practice, Aidsmap,
October 20, 2006. | | | | Safer Infant Feeding, Part 2
Theo Smart. HIV & AIDS Treatment in Practice, Aidsmap,
September 21, 2006. | | | | Safer Infant Feeding, Part 1
Theo Smart. HIV & AIDS Treatment in Practice, Aidsmap,
September 12, 2006. | | | | Getting the most prevention and care out of programmes for the
prevention of mother-to-child transmission
Theo Smart. HIV & AIDS Treatment in Practice, Aidsmap, July
14, 2006. | | | | Clinical Care Options discussion on mother-to-child transmission
Theo Smart. HIV & AIDS Treatment in Practice, Aidsmap,
October 28, 2005. | |
| |
| Provider Education and Training | | | Training Manual: Training Providers on Packaging Nevirapine Oral
Suspension Using the Nevirapine Infant-Dose Pouch
Program for Appropriate Technology in Health. August 2006. [PDF, 319K] | | | | Botswana Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV
Training Package
Department of HIV/AIDS Prevention and Care, Ministry of Health, Botswana.
July 2006. | | | | Nutrition Job Aids: Regions with High HIV Prevalence
Academy for Educational Development, UNICEF, WHO, April 2005. [PDF, 163K] | | | | Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV Infection
Generic Training Package
World Health Organization, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention, Francois-Xavier Bagnoud Center,
updated in July 2008. Older versions available in French, Russian and Spanish. | |
| |
| Clinician Support Tools | | | HIV and Infant Feeding - ICAP Approach to Improving HIV-free
Survival
International Center for AIDS Care and Treatment Programs (ICAP), Columbia
University. September 2007. [PDF, 500K] | | | | Testing and Counselling for Prevention of Mother-to-Child
Transmission of HIV (TC for PMTCT): Support Tools
CDC Global AIDS Program, WHO, UNICEF, USAID, December 2005. | | | | The Columbia Clinical Manual
Miriam Rabkin, Wafaa El-Sadr, Elaine Abrams. The MTCT-Plus
Initiative, International Center for AIDS Programs, Columbia
University Mailman School of Public Health, 2005. [PDF,
5.0MB]
See also Spanish translation. [PDF, 3.3MB] | |  | An
older 2003 version of this manual (formerly known as the
MTCT-Plus Clinical Manual) is also available in French, Portuguese, and Thai. [PDFs] |
| |
| |
| Program Management Materials | | |
| Patient and Community Education | | | HIV During Pregnancy, Labor and Delivery, and After Birth: Health
Information for HIV Positive Pregnant Women
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, January 2008. [PDF, 345K]
Also in Spanish. [PDF, 351K] | | | | Question & Answer Guide on Infant and Young Child Feeding in the Context of HIV and AIDS
Family Health International. July 2007. [PDF, 1.2MB] | | | | A Guide to HIV, Pregnancy & Women's Health
HIV i-Base, April 2005. Also available in French. [PDF, 916K] | | | | I Am HIV-Positive, Should I Breast-Feed My Baby? I Am
HIV-Positive, Should I Bottle-Feed My Baby?
Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital, April 2004.
See also the related fact sheets: | |
| |
| Links | | | Women, Children, and HIV: Resources for Prevention and Treatment
State-of-the-art clinical information and training resources on prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV, care of women and children with HIV, and related topics. A collaborative project of the François-Xavier Bagnoud Center (FXBC) at the University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey (UMDNJ) and the UCSF Center for HIV Information (CHI.)
| | ||
| | Antiretroviral Pregnancy Registry
Intended to provide an early signal of any major teratogenic effect associated with a prenatal exposure to the products monitored through the registry, a voluntary prospective, exposure-registration, observational study designed to collect and evaluate data on the outcomes of pregnancy exposures to antiretroviral products.
| | | | Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation
Research and programs aimed at preventing and treating pediatric HIV disease.
| | | | Global Strategies for HIV Prevention
Nonprofit organization working to implement international strategies to prevent HIV infection and care for those affected by HIV with a focus on women and children.
| | | | IAS-CTP Ghent International Working Group on HIV in Women and Children
A network of experts in the area of PMTCT. The Ghent Group was set up in 1991 to bring together researchers and policy makers and create an environment in which issues relating to HIV vertical transmission could be discussed, with an emphasis on resource-poor countries.
| | | | International Center for AIDS Care and Treatment Programs, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University
(ICAP) The Center's collection of PMTCT-related resources including several tools including some on infant feeding in the context of HIV infection.
| | | | International Maternal Pediatric Adolescent AIDS Clinical Trials Group
(IMPAACT) IMPAACT evaluates treatments for HIV-infected children, adolescents, and pregnant women; develops new approaches for the interruption of mother-to-infant transmission; and evaluates vaccines for the prevention of HIV sexual transmission among adolescents.
| | | | Maternal and Child Health Library
The library's goal is to serve the maternal and child health (MCH) community with accurate, reliable, and timely information and resources. The site contains the MCH Alert newsletter, databases, bibliographies, and other information resources.
| | | | Perinatal HIV Research Unit
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital in Soweto, South Africa. Part of the University of the Witwatersrand.
| | | | PMTCT Donations Program
Axios coordinates the PMTCT Donations Program, Abbott Laboratories and Boehringer Ingelheim's joint response to mother-to-child HIV transmission. Abbott Laboratories donates Determine HIV 1/2 tests to eligible countries for pregnant women, their spouses and children of those women who test HIV-positive. Boehringer Ingelheim donates nevirapine free of charge to eligible countries for the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1.
| | | | Secure the Future
Bristol-Myers Squibb initiative, in partnership with several African nations, to find sustainable and relevant solutions for the management of HIV/AIDS in women and children, and provide resources to improve community education and patient support.
| | | | The Well Project: Pregnancy and HIV
Resource on women and HIV providing information on the latest treatments, therapies, and clinical trials, as well as advocacy tools, slide presentations, a forum for discussion groups, and project startup guides.
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